Welding

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to welding, brazing or the like utilizing a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen generated in substantially stoichiometric proportions in an electrolytic cell by electrolytic dissociation of water, the mixture so generated being passed from the generator through a flash-back arrestor and thence to a burner where the gases are ignited. The invention also relates to atomic welding in which the above mentioned mixture is passed through an arc causing dissociation of both the hydrogen and oxygen into atomic hydrogen and oxygen which on recombination generate an intensely hot flame.

This invention relates to welding, brazing and the like, utilizinghydrogen and oxygen, and extends to such applications as oxy-welding,oxy-cutting, atomic welding, and welding or cutting in combination withelectric arc techniques. The invention also provides for the generationof hydrogen and oxygen for the abovementioned applications incombination therewith or separately.

A most important application of the invention is atomic weldingutilizing the properties of atomic oxygen in combination with atomichydrogen (for welding) or atomic oxygen separately (for cutting). Thisparticular application of the invention is based, among other things, onthe appreciation that considerable energy is associated with thedissociation of molecular oxygen into atomic oxygen by passing this gasthrough an arc, and that this property can be usefully employed togenerate temperatures even higher than those previously attainable with,for example, an atomic hydrogen flame. The significance of the energywhich can be obtained in this way can be appreciated from the followingreactions that take place, and the heat energies associated therewith,when hydrogen and oxygen are both passed through an electric arc. Thus:

    ______________________________________                                        H.sub.2  H + H                                                                            absorbing 101,000 cal. per gram mole                              O.sub.2  O + O                                                                            absorbing 117,000 cal. per gram mole                                          total218,000 cal. per gram mole                                   ______________________________________                                    

On recombination of these atoms this energy is released as heat througha number of complex chemical reactions and results in an extremely highflame temperature. Previously it would not have been considered possibleto practically pass oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen togetherthrough an arc due to the highly explosive or inflammable nature of suchgases. However in accordance with the concepts of the present inventionthis is indeed both possible and practical and, as mentioned above,enables the realization of much higher welding or cutting temperaturesthan hitherto obtainable by known practical means.

One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a method andapparatus whereby hydrogen and oxygen can be generated quickly andconveniently for immediate use for welding, etc., without many of thedisadvantages associated with conventional gas welding practice. Forexample, the practice of employing cylinders (or "bottles") of gas,usually oxygen and acetylene can have significant disadvantages,particularly for users working remote from a supply depot and for whomthere might be an appreciable delay between the placing of an order fora delivery of gas the the actual delivery. For such users, in order toensure an adequate supply of gas when a particular job demands it, it isoften necessary to order fresh supplies in advance, even before thesupply on hand is fully used, or else risk running out of gas before ajob is completed. Since bottles of gas are generally delivered on astrictly exchange basis -- in that a used bottle must be returned inexchange for a refilled bottle -- the practice can mean a significantwaste, as far as the user is concerned, if bottles containing usefulamounts of unused gas have to be returned to the supplier.

The practice of using bottled gas also has associated with it a largenumber of other problems such as the possibility of gas leaking frombottles, possibility of industrial disputes which can result in severedelays in delivery and in supply shortages, liabilities, high purchaseand storage costs, freight charges, and so on.

To illustrate some of the conditions which the consumer of bottled gasmust put up with, listed below is a summary of the "conditions of sale"which apply to the sale and distribution of bottled gas.

a. The cylinder remains the sole property of the supplier, which retainsthe right to exercise at any time its proprietory powers in itsdiscretion.

b. All cylinders and contents are forwarded at the expense and risk ofthe customers.

c. It is the responsibility of the customers to provide adequate labourfor the loading and unloading of all cylinders at the premises.

d. Cylinders are to be returned to the supplier as soon as empty,carriage and freight charges paid.

e. A cylinder is not `returned` until received by the supplier at itsworks or warehouse or by its truck and a receipt on the suppliers formgiven for the same. No document purporting to be a receipt for any suchcylinder shall be valid unless it is the suppliers printed form ofreceipt.

f. Cylinders are not transferable and must not be used for any purposeother than as containers for the gas sold by the supplier and must notbe delivered or sent for recharging to any place other than thesuppliers gas station.

g. The customer agrees not to resell to any person or Corporation, thegas contents of the cylinders of any part thereof.

h. Customers are held responsible for all loss or damage to cylindersfrom whatever cause arising from the time of delivery until returned tothe suppliers. (Customers are advised to cover the cylinders byinsurance).

i. Where a customer has not returned a cylinder in good order andcondition within six months from the date of delivery, the supplier may,at its option, charge the customer with an amount not exceeding theagreed value of the cylinder and the demurrage due in respect thereof,and such amount is payable by the customer as liquidated damages for thedetention of the cylinder. Notwithstanding the payment of such amount inrespect of any cylinder, it remains the property of the suppliers andthe right of the suppliers to recover possession thereof is not affectedin any way.

j. No allowance is made on any residual gas returned in the cylinders.

k. And many other conditions varying in the different countries in theworld.

Another disadvantage, which is associated with oxy-hydrogen weldingarises due to the marked ability of hydrogen to be absorbed by mostmetals. Thus when welding steel, for example, great care must be takento ensure that excess hydrogen is not present otherwise it will beabsorbed in the metal to cause loss of strength and brittleness. On theother hand, an excess of oxygen would cause burning of the metal andshould thus equally be avoided. It is most important therefore that withoxy-hydrogen welding the mixture at the burner be adjusted to produce aneutral flame, that is, one in which there is neither excess hydrogennor excess oxygen. In practice it is most difficult to maintain (andvirtually impossible to judge by flame colour) a neutral flame, and forthat reason oxy-hydrogen welding is not widely used despite the inherentadvantages of low cost and high heat value offered by hydrogen as afuel.

These and other disadvantages can be overcome to a significant extent bythe present invention whereby hydrogen and oxygen fuel are generatedsimultaneously by electrolysis in an electrolytic cell and allowed tofreely mix therein to form a stoichiometric mixture that will burn witha neutral flame. The fuel gas can be generated where and wheneverrequired thereby eliminating the need for storage of bottles of gas andreliance on regular deliveries of gas which often cannot be guaranteed.

The method of the present invention requires no diaphragms or the liketo separate the hydrogen and oxygen liberated by the electrolysisprocess and thereby enables considerable advantages to be realized overconventional electrolytic production of these gases. Such diaphragmshave normally been regarded as essential for conventional electrolyticgenerators in order to separate the two gases that would otherwise forma highly explosive mixture; however, it has been found, in accordancewith the present invention, that the two gases can be safely, andusefully, produced and utilized as a mixture for fuel purposes providedthat suitable safety precautions, such as the employment of a flash-backarrestor, are taken. Such safety precautions may include, for example,the employment of a device which removes electrolyte vapour from the gasand at the same time acts as a flash-back arrestor. In obviating theneed for diaphragms or the like the present invention enables theelectrodes to be placed much closer together and avoids the highresistance associated with diaphragms, which in turn enables asignificant increase in the rate of gas production for a given size ofapparatus. In short the present invention enables the manufacture ofsmall size equipment that is useful for a large variety of welding andsimilar work and that is not prohibitively bulky for the averagesituation: something which is impossible with conventionalhydrogen-oxygen generating equipment.

In the development of apparatus from the basic concept of generation ofhydrogen and oxygen electrolytically in a practical manner suitable forlarge industrial applications on the one hand, and small domesticapplications on the other hand, a number of factors had to be taken intoaccount, analysed and weighed one against the other. The following is alist of some of these factors to illustrate what has been involved.

a. Endosmotic pressure to be balanced against the hydrostatic pressureof the fluid.

b. Rate of flow of electric current in relation to the area of theelectrodes.

c. The prior art problem of removing the gases from anolyte andcatholyte, before diffusion and before the electrolytes are intermixed.

d. Effects of rapid changes in the rate of flow of electricity throughthe cell.

e. Effects of auxiliary decomposition within the anode and cathode sidesof the cell.

f. The choice of the most readily ionized electrolyte of a maximumconductivity.

g. The least possible spacing between anode and cathode that can beemployed.

h. A design of cell in which previously it was regarded impossible forthe H₂ and O₂ given to become mixed with safety, which does away withdiaphragms or the like which would increase the internal resistance, inwhich both hydrogen and oxygen can be mixed within the cell, and inwhich cells can be connected in series, parallel, or parallel and seriesto suit requirements.

i. The choice of materials for the electrodes.

j. The quantity of acids or alkali to be used.

k. The shapes of cells according to purpose of the cells, and theapplication for which they are designed.

l. The possibility of improvement with permanent or electro-magneticallyinduced fields applied to the electrolytic cells, to cause controlledseparation of a quantity of the gases generated in the cells.

m. Ensuring effective circulation of electrolyte between the electrodes,with as little electrical resistance as possible.

n. The possibility of using sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxidewhich, in concentrations from 10% up to 30%, which has negligiblecorrosion action on iron or nickel electrodes, apart from producing asolution of good conductivity.

o. The use of the cooling effect by passing of hydrogen and oxygengases, for cooling electrolyte in the cell, for controlling the celltemperature, preferably between 40° C to 60° C, at which temperature thebonds between hydrogen and oxygen need a minimum of electrical energy tobreak.

g. The separation of hydrogen and oxygen from a mixture, using,possibly, a permanent magnetic field, or an electro-magnetic field whichcan be controlled to obtain a desired separation between the hydrogenand oxygen. Based on this principle, the oxygen could be substantiallyseparated from the mixture and the hydrogen could be absorbed by, forexample, selected metals, which have high absorption affinity forhydrogen (for example, paladium which absorbs 900 times more hydrogenfrom its volume). Also, using the principle of the invention, hydrogenand oxygen can be generated in large quantities with small units and theoxygen could, for example, be separated and used to supply hospitals,baby rooms, air conditioning systems, or for any other application, whenoxygen is required. Oxygen can, in this way, be generated much fasterand more conveniently than with conventional electrolytic generatingequipment.

q. The possibility of absorbing the hydrogen or oxygen by speciallyselected materials in small containers and where the absorbed gas can beextracted when desired for welding or brazing where it would beinconvenient or impossible to do so with conventional equipment.

r. Making the welding operator entirely independent of any gassuppliers.

s. The generation of cheap gas, up to 6 to 7 times cheaper than normalgas supplies.

t. The design of equipment which gives not only professional welders,but handymen, or people who would like to do welding at home withoxy-welding apparatus, but would do it only occasionally and could notjustify the expense associated with conventional gas supplies. Suchpeople cannot justify paying for bottles of gas for a single weldingonly (having to keep the bottles, paying rent for them to keep them upto two years, to perform the next welding). For this reason, the weldingapparatus made possible by the present invention is ideal because itproduces gases for welding at the time and in the quantity that isneeded.

u. Hydrogen-oxygen welding has the advantage that it does not pollutethe atmosphere as does oxy-acetylene welding.

v. The design of electrolytic cells which are safe to use as well asconvenient, which cells may incorporate their own flash-back arrestorsas a safety precaution or an equivalent means, to prevent the hazards ofexplosion or fire.

w. The control of the current which passes through the cells, thetemperature of the cell, which is a function of current, the control ofthe separation of the gases, and the removal from the gases ofelectrolyte vapours. In this regard there has been designed a specialunit with preferably conical electrodes, and a flash-back arrestor. Theflash arrestor may be constituted by a pellet of porous material, or along capilliary pipe located between the gas generator and a burnerhead. The fire hazards associated with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygencannot be overemphasized and indeed it is probably mainly because of therecognized dangers associated therewith that extreme lengths have beentaken to separate the two gases completely until they reach the burner.In accordance with the present invention it has been realized that,contrary to long standing opinions, the gases can be safely mixedtogether even when being produced and as a result many desirableadvantages can be realized.

x. The provision of one or more safety valves adjusted to convenientpressure for releasing excessive pressures in the cell (for example,greater than 30 p.s.i.) which may result, for example, if a currentcontrol mechanism fails. The safety valves could be attached to analarm, for example, to indicate a failure in the current controlmechanism or the cut-off switches, etc.

y. Porous material may conveniently be placed in the burner head, sothat backfire through the burner into the cell cannot occur.

In summary, the present invention contemplates, as an important featurethereof, a universal welding apparatus capable of being used to performdifferent types of welding operations based on the utilization ofhydrogen and oxygen, making full use of the advantages which can therebybe realized, and equipment which can be made small and portable comparedwith existing apparatus such as that presently used for gas weldingusing bulky bottled hydrogen. To generate the fuel, in accordance withthe invention a small compact electrolytic cell is made possible inwhich the only raw material which has to be replenished from time totime is water and which can be used whenever a source of electricalenergy is available to supply the necessary amount of hydrogen orhydrogen and oxygen mixture for performing atomic welding orhydrogen-oxygen flame welding. In its simplest form, the gas generatingapparatus of the present invention comprises an electrolytic celladapted to be connected to an energy source, optionally through a stepdown transformer and rectifier, and having means for connection to aburner, preferably through a flash-back arrestor as a safety precaution.

The apparatus may be combined with a transformer as a single compactunit and for convenience the transformer may be provided with severalwindings to enable it to be used for auxiliary purposes such as batterycharging, electroplating, arc welding or to provide an arc for atomicwelding.

It has been found that a single electrolytic cell operating withoutdiaphragms at several hundred amps will generate hydrogen and oxygen ata reasonable rate for small welding and brazing work but for larger work(for example, the welding of 10 mm steel plate) the required amperagebecomes excessive (typically of the order of 900A or more) whenconsidering the size of conductors and transformer and the problem ofheat generation. Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention theseproblems can be significantly reduced by arranging a plurality of cellsin series and using a much smaller current to obtain the same effectivegas output. In effect the capacity of a series of cells for a givencurrent input is that of a single cell multiplied by the number ofcells. Alternatively the current requirement is reduced by a factorequal to the number of cells -- for a given rate of gas production.

Even so a large number of separate cells can be excessively bulky forportable applications and in a further aspect of the invention,therefore, the bulk can be greatly reduced by arranging the cells as asingle unit in which a number of electrodes, effectively in series, arearranged adjacent each other in a common electrolytic chamber, thechamber being provided with a gas collection space and an outlet forconnection to, for example, gas burner means. Furthermore, only the endelectrodes need be connected to an external source of electrical energyand the arrangement as a whole can be made extremely efficient andcompact. Additionally the need for a transformer for most applicationscan be eliminated by such an arrangement so that the apparatus can bedesigned to be electrically connected directly to a main electricalsupply, through a bridge rectifier if desired. By eliminating the needfor a transformer, the gas generating equipment as a whole can be madesurprisingly compact, to be well suited for small domestic requirementsas well as heavy industrial requirements.

In another important aspect of the invention, there is provided a safetydevice which monitors the pressure of hydrogen and oxygen beinggenerated and regulates the current flowing through the cell(s) toincrease or decrease the rate of gas production depending on thepressure. In one form the device comprises a chamber containing twoelectrodes, at least one of which is conical, arranged in the chamber(which normally contains a conductive liquid) and the electrodes beingconnectable in series with one or more electrolytic cells used foroxygen-hydrogen production.

The pressure responsive, current regulating device can be designed as anintegral part of the electrolytic cell(s) or can be used as anattachment connectable externally and in series with the gas generatingcell(s). The device can also be designed to combine the functions of acurrent regulating device and a flash-back arrestor, the latter functionensuring that a flame at the burner does not accidentally pass backthrough the hose lines to the highly explosive mixture in the gasgenerating cell(s). The device may incorporate a total current cut-outfeature or may be used in combination with a cut-out device which fullyinterrupts the supply of electrical power should the pressure in thecell(s) accidentally exceed a maximum safe value. The current regulatingdevice may also operate to regulate the current passing through thecells in accordance with the temperature to maintain the temperaturewithin a desired range.

Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows schematically a singleelectrolytic cell 10 operating to produce a mixture of hydrogen andoxygen, which mixture is passed through a flash-back arrestor 11 to aburner 12. The cell 10 contains two plate electrodes 10a and 10bimmersed in an electrolyte consisting of a solution of KOH in water andconnectable through terminals 13 and 14 respectively to a source of a.c.or d.c. electricity. Preferably, d.c. is used as the electricalimpedance of the cell, is much lower for d.c. than for a.c. The sourceof electricity may be a transformer, typically of 300 Amps outputrating, connected to the cell through a bridge rectifier. The flash-backarrestor 11 is constituted by a water bath in which gas liberated in thecell 10 passes through a tube 15 into the water bath 11 and thencethrough a tube 16 to the burner 12. The arrangement is suitable forsmall welding and brazing work but becomes too bulky for very largework.

FIG. 2 illustrates in vertical cross-section an electrolytic cell 20which requires a much lower current than the cell illustrated in FIG. 1for a given current input. The cell 20 comprises what is in effect aseries of cells constituted by a plurality of plate electrodes immersedin a solution of KOH in water. For convenience the electrodes aredesignated as 20a for the two electrodes at the ends and 20b for theintermediate electrodes. The electrodes 20a are connected, viaconductors 21 to terminals 22 for connection to an external supply ofelectricity. The mixture of hydrogen and oxygen which is evolved at theelectrodes when an electric current is applied, passes through an outletopening 23 to a flash-back arrestor and thence to a burner (not shown inFIG. 2). The series of electrodes 20a and 20b are sealingly mounted in atube 24 of insulating material which is provided with restrictedapertures 24a at the top and 24b at the bottom, between each pair ofelectrodes. The apertures 24a permit gas to escape into the space 25above the surface of the electrolyte and the apertures 24b permitelectrolyte to enter freely into the spaces between each pair ofelectrodes. By virtue of this arrangement the electrical resistancebetween any two adjacent electrodes is far less than that betweennon-adjacent electrodes so that the arrangement is effectively one of alarge number of individual cells connected in series. A very compactarrangement is therefore obtained but one which permits a relativelyhigh gas production rate for a reasonably low current input. Forexample, a structure like that shown, consisting of the equivalent of,for example, 120 cells can generate gas at a current input of 15A (at,for example, 240V) equal to that of a single cell requiring a currentinput of approximately 1800A. This means in practice that a relativelyportable apparatus can be produced which can be connected directly,without a transformer, to most domestic electrical supplies and whichcan maintain a sufficient rate of gas production for most types ofwelding work.

An advantage which particularly distinguishes the arrangements disclosedfrom conventional gas welding apparatus is that the hydrogen and oxygenare automatically produced in substantially the correct proportions togive a neutral flame. No mixing valves are required and even unskilledpersonnel can produce satisfactory welds without difficulty. In factindications are that many welds can be produced better than by any otherwelding process.

FIG. 3 illustrates a pressure responsive safety device 30 operablyconnected in series (electrically) with an electrolytic hydrogen-oxygencell 31 for regulating the current passing therethrough in accordancewith the gas pressure being generated. The device, or cell 30 comprisesa chamber 30' in communication with a reservoir 32 via a passage 33. Twoconical electrodes 34 and 35 are mounted in spaced relation within thechamber and connected in series between a d.c. source (not shown) andthe electrolytic cell 31. An electrolytic solution of KOH and water isprovided within the chamber, portion of which enters the reservoir 32.When the cell 31 is operating to produce hydrogen and oxygen thepressure of the gas being produced acts on the surface of theelectrolyte in the chamber 30' to displace an amount of the electrolyteinto the reservoir 32 against back pressure exerted by air trapped inthe reservoir, the amount of electrolyte displaced depending on thepressure of the gas in the chamber 30'. At the same time the area ofcontact between the electrodes and the electrolyte in the cell 30reduces in proportion to the drop in electrolyte level, causing theelectrical resistance of the cell 30 to rise and the current passingtherethrough to fall. Should the gas pressure drop the electrolyte levelin the cell 30 will rise and the current passing into the cell 31 willalso rise. Thus the cell 30 operates to regulate the rate of gasproduction in accordance with the pressure produced and prevents excessgas pressure to build up in the cell 31.

FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative form of safety device which isoperable to make or break the connection between an electrolytichydrogen-oxygen cell (not shown in FIG. 4) and an electric currentsource. The device comprises a cylindrical container 40 in fluidcommunication with a liquid reservoir 41 via a passageway 42, and aquantity of mercury 42' contained in the container and reservoir. Twoelectrodes 43 and 44 are disposed one above the other in the container40 and are normally immersed in the mercury with a conductive paththereby formed between them. The container is connected electrically inseries with an electrolytic cell (or cells) and in gaseous communicationtherewith through a hose 45. An increase in gas pressure resulting fromgeneration of gases by the electrolytic cell(s) causes the mercury to bedisplaced towards the reservoir and the mercury level in the container40 to fall. When the pressure exceeds a predetermined level the mercurylevel falls below that of the electrode 43 and electrical connectionbetween the two electrodes is broken. The electrical connection is againrestored when the gas pressure falls. A non-inflammable liquid, such assilicone oil or freon is provided on top of the mercury to ensure thatany arc which may be generated between the electrode 43 and the mercuryis totally isolated from the gases above the liquids.

FIG. 5 shows schematically an arrangement whereby an exceedingly hotflame can be produced using the gaseous mixture generatedelectrolytically by the apparatus previously described. In thisarrangement a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, preferably instoichiometrical proportion, is passed via a line 50 between a pair oftungsten electrodes 51 to produce molecular dissociation of the hydrogenand the oxygen and a very hot flame 52. It can be appreciated thatwhereas in an atomic hydrogen flame a significant temperature rise isobtained by striking an arc in the hydrogen, an even greater temperaturerise can be realized by striking the arc between the oxygen as wellsince the dissociation energy of molecular oxygen is of the same orderof magnitude as that of molecular hydrogen.

FIG. 6 illustrates an arrangement for the magnetic separation of oxygenfrom a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen, whereby the oxygen can be usedfor flame cutting. The apparatus consists of a chamber 60 containing amagnet 61 and is located in a conduit 62. A mixture of hydrogen andoxygen is passed through the conduit and around the magnet 61. Thediamagnetic oxygen is diverted by the magnetic field into a transversepassageway 63 to a central conduit (not shown) leading from thispassageway and thence to a flame-cutting head. The paramagnetic hydrogencontinues along the conduit, past the magnet and can be allowed toescape or can be collected, as desired. If the magnet is anelectromagnet it can be turned off when hydrogen and oxygen is requiredas a mixture, and in that case the downstream side of the conduit 62 canbe closed off to prevent the loss of gas.

FIG. 7 illustrates a complete oxy-hydrogen generator and weldingapparatus comprising a gas generator 70, a current regulating cell 71and a power supply 72. The construction of the electrodes 73 of thegenerator 70 and 74 of the cell 71 are identical with those illustratedin FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively. In this arrangement, however, the gasgenerator 70 and cell 71 are combined as an integrated unit and as suchhas some features not found in the arrangements shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.In particular the chamber 75 of the generator 70 and the chamber 76 ofthe current regulator cell 71 are separated by two partitions 77 and 78defining between them a passageway communicating between the twochambers. The respective electrodes of the cell 71 and a generator 70are connected electrically in series with the power supply.

Gas produced by electrolysis in the chamber 75 rises into the space inthe chamber above the electrodes 73, passes down the passageway betweenthe partitions 77 and 78, bubbles through the electrolyte in the chamber76 and thence passes through an outlet opening 79 to a burner 80. An airtrap reservoir 81 is formed integrally with the cell 71 and is in liquidcommunication therewith through an opening between the bottom of thereservoir and the cell. When the pressure of the gas generated by thegenerator 70 rises, this pressure causes the electrolyte in the chamber76 to be displaced into the reservoir 81 resulting in a reduction of thecurrent being passed to the generator 70 by the mechanism previouslydescribed in relation to FIG. 3 of the drawings. In this way the cell 71effectively monitors the gas pressure and regulates the current tomaintain an approximately constant pressure. To ensure against thepossibility that the pressure should accidentally exceed a predeterminedmaximum safe value, a spring-loaded safety pressure valve 82 is providedat the top of the reservoir 81 to release the excess pressure into theatmosphere.

The burner 80 is provided with a flash-back arrestor in the form of aporous ceramic pellet 83 located in the gas flow path between the handlepart 84 of the burner and the burner tip 85. The flash-back arrestoracts by quenching any flame blowing back into the burner before theflame has a chance to reach the hose 86 connecting the burner with thegas generator.

The power supply is of the universal type, that is, it is provided witha transformer 87 connectable to an alternating current electrical supplyand provided with a number of electrical outlets for various purposes.One winding of the transformer is connected to a bridge rectifier whichprovides the d.c. current for the gas generator. Another winding is usedfor arc welding or can be used to supply an arc for atomic oxy-hydrogenwelding. It will be appreciated that the transformer is optional andthat the generator can be connected directly to the mains. In fact thebridge rectifier is not essential either and can be omitted if desired.

In the operation of apparatus of the type described it is often requiredto conveniently change between neutral and oxidizing flames, for examplewhen changing from a welding operation to a cutting operation and thepresent invention makes provision for the variation of these functions.Briefly, in accordance with the present invention, apparatus for eitheroxy-hydrogen welding or cutting may comprise a first electrolyticgenerator for generating hydrogen and oxygen by the electrolysis ofwater in substantially stoichiometric proportions to produce a neutralflame and a further electrolytic generator from which hydrogen andoxygen are separately delivered, which means for adding either thehydrogen from this further cell, or the oxygen from the furthergenerator to the gas mixture obtained from the first generator. Thisarrangement results in a most efficient combination of functions when aneutral flame or other is required. The hydrogen gas produced by thefurther generator, when added to the flame mixture, burns withatmospheric oxygen thereby producing a reducing flame. When an oxidizingflame is required, the additional hydrogen is cut off and the oxygenproduced by the further generator is added to the flame mixture. It willbe appreciated that various designs can be employed for eithergenerator, for example, they may be completely independent or they mayshare a common electrolyte. The further gas generator can also, inpractice, be made somewhat smaller than the other generator since itdoes not have to produce the bulk of the gas required.

It has been found that welding with hydrogen and oxygen in an exact 2 to1 ratio (as when the gases are produced electrolytically) results in aparticularly clean, oxide free welded surface and a strong welded joint.For the same quality welding to be produced by conventional gas weldingtechnique substantially greater skill is required and, in the case ofconventional hydrogen welding, for example, good welded joints areobtained only with great difficulty due to the extreme difficulty inobtaining and maintaining a neutral flame. With the method of thepresent invention there is no difficulty in obtaining a neutral flame,and hence the ease with which high quality welds can be obtained.

Finally, it can sometimes be convenient to store hydrogen and/or oxygen,generated electrolytically in a specially designed container, or toslowly accumulate these gases and then, when required, using theaccumulated stored gas for extra heavy work for a short time. It isquite hazardous to pressurize a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen undervery high pressures, of course, but it is possible, in accordance withone aspect of the invention, to store a useful amount of gas in arelatively small volume at low pressures and this can be done by using ahighly gas absorbent metal in the storage container. The metalpalladium, for example, can absorb up to 900 times its own volume ofhydrogen and can be used with advantage for this application. In factuseful amounts of hydrogen, for small scale brazing work can readily bestored in a small hand held container, containing a gas absorbentmaterial.

I claim:
 1. Apparatus for generating a supply of hydrogen gas and oxygengas in proportion to consumption of said gases comprising,a. anelectrolytic cell means for electrolytic generation of said gases, saidcell being enclosed to entrap said generated gases, b. a gas outletcarried by said cell to allow a portion of said generated gases todischarge from said cell, c. a source of electrical power connected tosaid cell by a suitable circuit, and d. an electrical power regulatingmeans for controlling the amount of power to said cell including:a firstchamber having a selected cross-sectional area and an upper and lowerinlet, said upper inlet connected with said gas outlet of said cell, asecond chamber having a selected cross-sectional area at least one halfless than that of said first chamber and a lower inlet, said inletconnected to said lower inlet of said first chamber by a suitablepassage, a first and second inverted conically-shaped and concentricallyaligned resistant electrode carried in a vertical relationship in saidfirst chamber, said electrodes connected in said circuit between saidpower source and said cell, and a quantity of electrolytic solutioncarried in said chambers to partially fill said chambers and interfacewith said electrodes to close said circuit, wherein an increase in thepressure of said entrapped gases depresses the level of saidelectrolytic solution in said first chamber to cause an increase inresistance of said electrodes thereby reducing the amount of power tosaid cell.
 2. Apparatus for generating a supply of hydrogen and oxygengases comprising,a. an electrolytic cell means for electrolyticgeneration of said gases, said cell being enclosed to entrap saidgenerated gases, b. a gas outlet carried by said cell to allow a portionof said generated gases to discharge from said cell, c. a source ofelectrical power connected to said cell by a suitable circuit, and d. anelectrical power regulating means including,a first chamber having aselected cross-sectional area and an upper and lower inlet, said upperinlet connected to said outlet of said cell, a second circular chamberhaving a preselected cross-sectional area, said area of said secondchamber being at least one-half that of said first chamber, and a lowerinlet, said inlet connected to said lower inlet of said first chamber bya passage, a quantity of electrolytic solution carried in said chamberto partially fill said chambers, a quantity of non-conductive liquidhaving a specific gravity less than said electrolytic solution carriedin said first chamber above said electrolytic solution, and a first andsecond electrode carried by said first chamber in a verticalrelationship and extending inwardly therein to interface with saidelectrolyte solution, said electrodes connected in said circuit betweensaid power source and said cell to close said circuit, wherein asufficient increase in pressure of said entrapped gases depresses thelevel of said non-conductive liquid and said electrolyte to interfacesaid upper electrode with said non-conductive material whereby saidcircuit is opened.
 3. An apparatus according to claim 2 and furthercharacterized by said apparatus comprising,a flash-back arrestor in theform of an elongated capillary having a first end connected to saidoutlet of said cell and a second end connected to a gas consumptionmeans.
 4. An apparatus according to claim 2 and further characterized bysaid apparatus comprising,a flash-back arrestor in the form of anelongated capillary having a first end connected to said cell outlet anda second end connected to a gas consumption means.
 5. System forgenerating a supply of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas in proportion to aconsumption of said gases and protecting said system comprising:a. anelectrolytic cell means for electrolytically generating said gases, saidcell being enclosed to entrap said generated gases, b. a source ofelectrical power connected to said cell by a suitable circuit, and c. agas outlet means to allow a discharge of said gases and protect saidcell from a flash-back and provide regulation of said gas generationfurther including,a first vertical chamber having a top inlet connectedwith said cell and a bottom outlet, a second vertical chamber having asubstantially greater cross-sectional area than said first chamber, saidsecond chamber having a top outlet for discharging said gas to a gasconsumption means, and a first and second bottom inlet, said first inletconnected to said bottom inlet of said first chamber by a horizontalpassage, a third vertical chamber having a bottom inlet connected tosaid second bottom inlet of said second chamber, said third chamberhaving a cross-sectional area greater than said first chamber and lessthan said second chamber, a quantity of electrolytic solution carried insaid first, second and third chamber to partially fill said chambers, afirst and second inverted, conically-shaped resistant electrodesconcentrically aligned and carried by said second chamber in a verticalrelationship, said electrodes connected in said circuit to close saidcircuit when in contact with said electrolyte, wherein an increase inpressure in said second chamber depresses the level of said electrolyteto decrease the generation of said gases by increasing resistance insaid circuit by increasing exposed portions of said resistantelectrodes, said electrolyte acting as a protective barrier between saidgas consumption means and said cell.
 6. An apparatus according to claim5 and further characterized by said apparatus comprising,a flash-backarrestor in the form of an elongated capillary having a first endconnected to said cell outlet and a second end connected to a gasconsumption means.